developing and transition ones. Significant issues persist concerning the availability of a
comprehensive legislation on emissions’ control in different sectors (e.g. wastewater, air pollution,
CO2 emissions, etc.). Discuss how the problem has been addressed in at least two different
countries highlighting the difference between the theory of the determination of the tax rate and the
practice adopted. If figures are available analyse the trend of tax revenues over at least a 5-years
period.
(Possible sources of data and case studies: OECD Environmental Country Review (ECR) Programme
http://www.oecd.org/environment/country-reviews/ , UNECE EPR Programme
https://www.unece.org/env/epr.html , UNEP:
http://web.unep.org/greeneconomy/sites/unep.org.greeneconomy/files/1_ian_parry_environmental_t
axes.pdf , IMF: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12180.pdf, national governmental and
EU reports, e.g.
https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/sites/taxation/files/resources/documents/taxation/gen_info/ec
onomic_analysis/tax_papers/taxation_paper_19.pdf )
2. Public goods are notoriously undersupplied in our societies which often means that too few
financial resources are allocated to them. Natural Parks and Protected Areas are telling examples of
environmental public goods presenting significant problems in their financing and management.
Starting from the theory of public environmental goods, define the exact type of good a protected
area or park represents, explain on the basis of economic theory why a problem of undersupply
persists on the supply of nature protection and – also on the basis of your knowledge of economic
instruments – provide some suggestions on how a protected area could be funded. You are
encouraged to use examples and figures from literature and case-studies.
(Some possible sources of data and case studies are reported below, that candidates are encouraged to widen:
https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/2f7eca80498391708494d6336b93d75f/VP_National%2BPar
ks.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=2f7eca80498391708494d6336b93d75f ,
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00HV6Z.pdf , https://www.iucn.org/content/sustainable-financingprotected-
areas , https://www.cbd.int/financial/finplanning/p-planfinancing-iucn.pdf,
https://www.cbd.int/financial/privatesector/g-privatthird.pdf )
STRUCTURE AND FORMAT OF THE PROJECT:
FORMAT OF THE PROJECT:
This is a written individual project. The written project should be presented as a neatly typed Word
document, according to following criteria:
o Length: 2.500 words +/-10%
o Font: Times New Roman or Arial
o Spacing: 1.5
o Referencing and bibliography should follow the Harvard Style
Structure of the Project:
The written work should be framed as follows (different titles can be used for the project sections):
1) Introduction
2) Presentation of the theory used for the performed analysis and of the chosen issue (e.g. emissions
control, provision of public goods, etc.)
3) Description of the instruments analysed (in light of theory) to address the chosen assignment
4) List of policies and/or instruments used to address the issue at stake (meaning, expectations,
targets, results)
5) Case-study/ies and figures (e.g. tables, graphs, charts, etc.)
6) Conclusions and Recommendations
7) References
Make sure the writing is precise and to the point. The paper should not exceed 2000 words per
student, excluding appendices and references.
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